A devastating famine in 1891–92, killed millions across the empire leading to discontent among the population. The Russian Empire entered the twentieth century in a perilous state. By the end of the 19th century, it had expanded its control over most of Central Asia and parts of Northeast Asia. At the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, and from the Baltic Sea in the west to Alaska, Hawaii, and California in the east. His official policy involved the responsibility of the Russian Empire towards the protection of Eastern Orthodox Christians residing within the Ottoman-ruled territories of Europe this was one of the factors that later led to the Russian entry into World War I.įrom 1721 until 1762, the Russian Empire was ruled by the House of Romanov its matrilineal branch of patrilineal German descent, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, ruled from 1762 until 1917. Alexander II (1855–1881) initiated numerous reforms, most notably the 1861 emancipation of all 23 million serfs. Its victories in the Russo-Turkish Wars were later checked by defeat in the Crimean War (1853–1856), leading to a period of reform and intensified expansion into Central Asia. The Russian Empire further expanded to the west, south, and east, strengthening its position as a European power. Alexander I (1801–1825) played a major role in defeating the militaristic ambitions of Napoleon and subsequently constituting the Holy Alliance, which aimed to restrain the rise of secularism and liberalism across Europe. Catherine the Great (1762–1796) presided over a golden age: she expanded the Russian state by conquest, colonization, and diplomacy, while continuing Peter I's policy of modernization towards a Western model. During his rule, he moved the Russian capital from Moscow to the new model city of Saint Petersburg, which was largely built according to designs of the Western world he also led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval socio-political customs with a modern, scientific, rationalist, and Western-oriented system. Peter I (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already vast empire into a major power of Europe. The groundwork leading up to the establishment of the Russian Empire was laid by Ivan III (1462–1505): he tripled the territory of the Russian state and laid its foundation, renovating the Moscow Kremlin and also ending the dominance of the Golden Horde. ![]() Owing to its geographic extent across Europe, Asia, and North America at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity.įrom the 10th to the 17th century, the land was ruled by a noble class known as the boyars, above whom was a tsar (later adapted as the " Emperor of all the Russias"). Covering an area of approximately 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. It also held colonies in Russian America between 17. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. The Empire succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad. ![]() It consisted of most of northern Eurasia. The Russian Empire, also known as Imperial Russia, was the final period of the Russian monarchy from its proclamation in November 1721, until its dissolution in late 1917.
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